Perpetrators carrying out transnational telecommunications fraud originally came from Taichung. The typical pattern of attack is Taiwanese fraudsters relocate to a third country, such as Cambodia, to lure victims living in another country, such as China, to hand over money to local mules in person or deposit it in a local bank or virtual service account.
Initially, these fraudulent activities ran on telecommunications networks that required strong authentication, but since 2006, fraudsters have learned to exploit voice-over IP technology to evade detection and tracking by law enforcement agencies.